We will focus on these 4:
Aerophone - instrument that uses air or breath to initiate the sound (organ, clarinet, harmonica)
Chordophone - Stringed instruments, any of a class of musical instruments in which a stretched, vibrating string produces the initial sound. (guitar, violin, piano)
Idiophone - an instrument the whole of which vibrates to produce a sound when struck, shaken, or scraped, such as a bell, gong, or rattle. (clave, shaker)
Membranophone - an instrument that produces sounds by hitting a stretched membrane essentially these are drums (drums!)
see the categories column for some examples: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments
Beat - The Beat in music refers to the basic unit of time in a song. It is the measure of a unit of pulse
Meter - the way in which the beats/pulses are grouped together. A collection of beats.
Monometer - Single meter (as opposed to polymeter)
Polymeter - two or more meters sounding simultaneously (see: Mozart's opera Don Giovanni
Polyrhythm - Yhe simultaneous use of two or more rhythms that are not readily perceived as deriving from one another
Rhythm - the grouping together of a series of sounds, pattern of recurrence of events, time relation between sounds
Syncopation - the deliberate upsetting of the meter or pulse through a temporary shifting of the accent to a weak beat or an “offbeat”
Hemiola - a musical figure in which, typically, two groups of three beats are replaced by three groups of two beats, giving the effect of a shift between triple and duple meter.
Heterophony - When two or more voices elaborate the same melody in different ways at the same time.
Harmony - The simultaneous sounding of two or more pitches
Homophonic - the musical texture that occurs when one melodic voice is prominent over the other accompanying lines or voices
Melody - the pattern or relation of successive pitches
Monophonic - when the musical texture consists of one melody only
Pitch - the relative highness or lowness of a sound
Ostinato - a short melodic, rhythmic or harmonic pattern that is repeated throughout a work or section of a work
Scale - a set pitches selected by historical tradition
Key - In music a key is the major or minor scale around which a piece of music revolves. A song in a major key is based on a major scale. A song in a minor key is based on a minor scale.
Harmonic Series - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)
Acoustics - the physics of sound
fundamental - the first pitch of the harmonic series
partials - subsequent pitches of the harmonic series after the fundamental
intervals - the relationship between two pitches
frequency - the measure of the vibrations per second (hertz) in a sound source
equal temperment - the tuning system used most widely by cultures all over the world
timbre - the character or quality of a sound
Clave - an instrument, a rhythm and a musical concept
the bell pattern - one of the most common rhythms that explicitly defines clave.
conga tones - bass, open, muffle, slap, and heel-toe
bembe - ceremonial music that is used in the religion La Ocha (santeria)
rumba - a street music that is common in cuba
guaguancó - a style of rumba
A Cappella - voices unaccompanied
Aesthetics - the philosophical theory or set of principles governing the idea of beauty at a given time and place. A particular individual's set of ideas about style and taste, along with its expression
Call and Response - musical phrase in which the first and often solo part is answered by a second and often ensemble part
Culture - the way of the life of a people learned and transmitted one generation to the next
Dynamics - loudness and softness of the sound
Ensemble - group of musicians
Ethnocentric - viewing other cultures during the lens of one’s own culture
Form - the structural arrangement of music. The grouping of musical ideas into cohesive units.
Music - organized sound and silence
Music Culture - a group’s total involvement with music including ideas actions institutions and musical objects
Texture - the relative thickness of the sound,
Timbre - the quality of the sound
Worksong - a kind of music whose function ranges from coordination complex tasks to making boring and repetitive work more interesting
Tempo - the overall speed or pace of the music
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